Machine learning of neuroimaging for assisted diagnosis of cognitive impairment and dementia: A systematic review. Link to paper on Science Direct. Authors Enrico Pellegrini, Lucia Ballerini, Maria del C. Valdes Hernandez, Francesca M.Chappell, Victor González-Castro, Devasuda Anblagana, Samuel Danso, Susana Muñoz Maniega, Dominic Job, Cyril Pernet, Grant Mair, Tom MacGillivray, Emanuele Trucco, Joanna Wardlaw Abstract Introduction Advanced machine learning methods might help to identify dementia risk from neuroimaging, but their accuracy to date is unclear. Methods We systematically reviewed the literature, 2006 to late 2016, for machine learning studies differentiating healthy aging from aging with dementia of various types, assessing study quality, and comparing accuracy at different disease boundaries. Results Of 111 relevant studies, most assessed Alzheimer's disease versus healthy controls, using AD Neuroimaging Initiative data, support vector machines, and only T1-weighted sequences. Accuracy was highest for differentiating Alzheimer's disease from healthy controls and poor for differentiating healthy controls versus mild cognitive impairment versus Alzheimer's disease or mild cognitive impairment converters versus nonconverters. Accuracy increased using combined data types, but not by data source, sample size, or machine learning method. Discussion Machine learning does not differentiate clinically relevant disease categories yet. More diverse data sets, combinations of different types of data, and close clinical integration of machine learning would help to advance the field. Keywords Dementia Cerebrovascular disease Pathological aging Small vessel disease MRI Machine learning Classification Segmentation Related links Link to paper on Science Direct Joanna Wardlaw Dementia Small vessel disease MR Publication date 15 Aug, 2018